Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on scientific attitude. Followed by a list of examples. Choose the test example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)

　　Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment. He wondered where the sun went at night and why the sky was blue. He questioned why the wind blew and the leaves fell. He sought answers to these and other questions. Not all his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know.

41. Curiosity and imagination:
　　Science began to develop rapidly when man laid aside his wrong beliefs and began to seek true explanations. Young children are curious about how things work. The child wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work..

42.Being in cause and effect:
　　Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.

43.Being open-minded:
　　Open-mindedness is also extremely important to a scientific attitude. This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought. It includes an ability to accept new and sometimes even disagreeable ideas.

　　The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance. Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered. The mind, cannot be made up once and for all. New knowledge may make a change in thinking necessary. This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect. What is accepted as true often is relatively, and not absolutely, true. A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.

44.Respect for the views of others:
　　Another part of a scientific attitude is respect for the views of others. This is easy when these views are like one’s own.. The difficulty comes up when their ideas are different. Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept. New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.

45.Opinions based on evidence:
　　Sometimes evidence is not complete. It may take time for new facts to become available. When they are available, a person may have to change his mind. New findings may also require a “wait-and-see” attitude.

[A] They feel there is a perfectly natural explanation for everything. For example, there is a good reason why some leaves turn red and others yellow in the fall. Changes such as these which are easily observed. Are called phenomena.

[B] The worker in science must face whether ther are pleasant or unpleasant. He must expect many failures and be willing to try again. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.

[C] Benjamin Franklin wondered about lightning. He combined his curiosity with imagination and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightning and an electric spark are the same thing. Curiosity and imagination are important qualities which help stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.

[D] For example, there is an experiment on the sprouting of seeds which has been running for more than 50 years. The purpose is to determine how long a time seeds can be buried in the ground and still grow when proper conditions for growth exist.

[E] Scientists such as Galileo, Louis Pasteur , and Edward Jenner were laughed at because they held theories that were not accepted. Respect for new ideas is important for continued progress in all fields of knowledge.

[F] In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used. A variable is something which has different values under different conditions. In one type of laboratory test all the variables but the variables but one are controlled. This method of testing is called controlled experimentation.

　　［答案详解 ］
　　41. [C]
　　第一点：“Curiosity and imagination”好奇心和想像力。作者谈到科学的发展始于人们对观念或事物的好奇心和想像力。那么作者用什么方式接下来补充说明自己的观点呢？[C] 运用一个伟大发明家本杰明的事例来形象地说明好奇心和想像力是很重要的品质。

　　42. [A]
　　第二点：“Belief in cause and effect”相信因果关系。作者认为万事万物都有一个完美的合乎自然规律的解释。那么同样作者用什么方式来证明自己的这一观点呢？[A]动用一具体的事例来说明，而这个事例是大家司空见惯的。具有说服力。

　　43. [B]
　　第三点：“Being open-minded”要接受新思想。作者接下来对这一观点做了解释说明。科学工作者必须对面现实，必须要接受新的甚至自己不同意思想。必须想到有失败并愿意继续尝试，很显然爱迪生的事例来说明这个观点再合适不过的。所以[B]正确。

　　44. [E]
　　第四点：“Respect for the views of others”尊重他人的观点。作者对这一点做了具体解释。如果自己的观点不同于他人时，很难让人接受。新观点要被接受总是很慢的。作者用反例来说明，伽利略、路易斯等科学家在当时都是由于持有不为人们所接受的理论而被嘲笑的，但现在证明反而是正确的。所以[E]符合。

　　55. [D]
　　第五点：“Opinions based on evidence”观点有据可依。作者认为新事物出现时，人们就不得不改变自己的看法。新发现也许同样需要“等等看”的态度。接下来作者用一个典型的事例来说明这个结论。[D]符合题意。

　　［参考译文］
　　科学始于人类开始对环境提出问题的时候。人们想知道晚上太阳到哪里去了，天空为什么是蓝色的，人们还对风为什么吹，叶为什么落下提出质疑。人们寻找这些及其他问题的答案。虽然人类给出的答案并不都是正确的，但至少那时的人确实是想了解周围的世界。
　　好奇心和想像力：
　　当人们抛弃了错误观念而开始寻找事物的真正解释时，科学便开始飞速发展了。孩子们对事物是如何运转的很好奇，小孩子会想拆开一只表看看是什么使它走动的。
　　本杰明•富兰克林对闪电现象感到好奇。他的好奇心与想像力结合起来，完成了他著名的试验，表明闪电和电火花是一回事。好奇心和想像力是很重要的品质，有助于激励我们去发现新事物并推动科学向前发展。
　　相信因困关系：
　　具有科学头脑的人都相信因果关系。他们认为万物都有一个完美的合乎自然规律的解释。例如，在秋天一些树叶变红而另一些变黄都有它充分的道理。诸如这些很容易观察到的变化称之为现象。
　　要接受新思想：
　　对于科学态度来说接受新思想是极为重要的。这指的是面对现实而不管自己原来是怎么想的。这里包括接受新的甚至有时是自己不同意的思想。科学工作者必须而对现实，不管这些事实是令人愉快的还是不愉快的。他必须想到会有失败并愿意继续尝试。托马斯•爱迪生在他生产出第一只电灯泡之前就失败过数千次。
　　解决实际问题的办法无法事先预见到。科学家们发现新事实是必须能够改变自己从前的想法，使自己的理论能够适应新事实。思想不是一成不变的，新知识会在人们的思想中产生必要的变革。这是对于人类对客观事物的理解总是不尽完美这句话的另一种解释，这种解释只是按照某一特定时间内人们的知识才是可以接受的。
　　尊重他人的观点：
　　科学态度的另一构成部分就是尊重他人的观点。当这些观点与自己的观点相像是，这是很容易做到的。但当观点不同时就会出现困难，那些全新或陌生的观点可能会很难接受。新观点要被接受总是很慢的。伽利略、路易斯•巴斯德、爱德华•金纳等科学家都由于持有不为人们接受的理论而被人嘲笑。在各个知识领域中，尊重新观点对其进一步发展都很重要。
　　观点有据可依：
　　有时证据并不是天衣无缝。新事实的获得或许需要很长时间。而当新事实出现时，人们就不得不改变自己的看法。新发现也许同样需要“等等看”的态度。例如，有一个关于种子发芽的实验一直做了50多年。其目的就是为了证实当存在适合生长的条件时，一颗种子能被埋在地下多少年依然会发芽。